英语构词与用词规律(页 1) - 实用英语论坛 - 英语论坛-英语麦当劳 English learners' Forum

2006-2-8 14:48 jiuxian

英语构词与用词规律

 
 
“to 短语”小结
一、to可以是介词，后面接介词宾语。
可作介词宾语的主要有；名词、代词、动名词（短语）等。教材中常和动词搭配构成的to短语有：
1．devote oneself to献身于，致力于
He devoted himself to chemistry research．
2．add up to 总计
Lincoln's whole school education added up to no more than one year．
3．pay attention to注意
You'd better pay attention to your pronunciation．
4．belong to、属于
The car belongs to me．
5．face to面对
We are facing to fighting against the enemy．
6．get to 到达
When will the train get to London？
7．do harm to 给……带来危害
Smoking does harm to your health．
8．say hello to 向……表示问候
He said hello to his parents．
9．help oneself to随便吃
Help yourself to some fish．
10．come back to life 苏醒，复活
The kings thought their bodies could come back to life one day．
11．listen to 听
He often listens to the news on the radio．
12．look forward to 盼望，期待
I'm looking forward to our holiday next week．
13．refer to 指，谈到
He referred to his experiences during the Long March．
14．be married to 与……订婚（结婚）
She was married to an English gentleman．
15．do wrong to（sb．）冤枉（某人）
He did a great wrong to me．
16．be up to（sb．）由……决定
It is up to you to decide whether to take the job or not．
17．come to a stop 停了下来
The ship came to a stop．
18．stick to 坚持
Einsten stuck to his theory and went on with his research
19．turn to．翻阅，求助于
People turned to him for advice．
20．be used to （doing sth．） 习惯于（做某事）
He is used to getting up early．
21．write to 写信给
Did you write to her yesterday？
22．prefer…to…喜欢……而不喜欢……
I prefer red to blue．
23．have been to 去过
She has been to the Great Wall twice．
24．have gone to 已去
They have gone to the library．
25．owing to 由于
I could not attend the meeting owing to illness．
26．shout to 向……叫喊
Who is shouting to me？

2006-2-8 14:49 jiuxian

二、to 可以是小品词，这时它是不定式的符号，即“小品词to＋动词原形”构成动词不定式，这是非谓语动词的一种形式。
教材中出现的带小品词to的固定搭配有：
1．be able to 能，会
He is able to swim now．
2．about to 即将，正要
We are about to leave．
3．be afraid to不敢
She is afraid to go out alone at night．
4．agree to do sth．同意做某事
The teacher agreed to leave at once．
5．go on to do 接着又做……
Finishing his homework，he went on to watch TV．
6．take trouble to do sth．
不辞辛劳地做某事
He took the trouble to gather the materials for us．
7．in order to do 以便，为了
I came early in order to get to good seat．
8．pretend to do 假装做
He does not pretend to be an expert．
9．make up one's mind to 决心做
I made up my mind to go to college．
10．ought to应该
Tom ought to be here now．
11．stop to do sth．
停止做一件事而去做另一件事
We are tired．Let's stop to have a rest．
12．be sure to 确信要
Be sure to see me off．
13．too…to…太……而不能……
He is too young to join the army．
14．used to过去常常
She used to meet him under the apple tree．
15．have to不得不
The girl has to stay at home after school．
16．be willing to乐意
Everybody is willing to help her．
17．would like to愿意，想
Would you like to dance with me？
18．be obliged to 被迫
We were obliged to work for him without pay．
19．be ready to 准备
The prisoners are ready to run away．
20．so… as to
如此……以致（表结果或目的）
He was so angry as to be unable to speak．（表结果）
Come so early as to take the first bus．（表目的）
21．dare to 敢于
He dares to tell the truth．
22．need to 需要
He needs to learn．
This sentence needs to be explained．
23．manage to做成
He managed to mend his car．
24．offer to do（主动）提出（要做某事）
She offered to help me．

2006-2-8 14:50 jiuxian

And是英语中一个普通的连词，然而and并非只作并列连词用，它还具有一些不太常见的表达方式和意义，应根据上下文的特殊环境，作出判断才能准确理解其用法和意思。
1．and作并列连词，译为“和、并且”等，当连接三个以上的并列成分时，它放在最后一个成分之前，其余用逗号分开，例如：
He bought a book and a pen．他买了一本书和一支笔。
Solid，liquid and gas are the three states of matter．固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。
2．名词+and+名词，若这种结构表示一个概念时，and+名词相当于介词with+名词，译为“附带、兼”的意思，例如：
Noodle and egg is a kind of delicious food．（and egg=with egg）鸡蛋面是一种美味食物。
Whose is this watch and chain？（and chain＝with chain）这块带表链的手表是谁的？
3．名词复数+and+同一名词的复数，强调连续或众多的含义。例如：
There are photos and photos．照片一张接着一张。
They saw film hours and hours last week．上星期他们一小时接一小时地看电影。
4．形容词+and+形容词，这种结构形似并列，实际并非并列结构。例如：
This roon is nice and warm（＝ nicely warm）．
The coffee is nice and hot（=thoroughly hot）．
5．用and连接动词的用法：and+动词作目的状语。动词 go（come，stop等）＋and+动词，此时，and+动词相当于in order to+动词，例如：
①I'll go and bring back your boots，（go and bring back=go in order to bringback）我去把你的靴子拿来。
②and+动词，起现在分词的作用，表示方式或伴随情况。例如：
He sat and waited．（and waited=waiting）他坐着等。
③and+同一动词表示动作长时间地“继续”或“重复”，例如：
We waited and waited．我们等呀等。
6．用来补充语意起强调作用，例如：
You have to send in the application and（that）without delay．你得交上申请表格，不能拖延。
He can express his ideas in English and（that） effectiyely．他能用英语准确地表达自己的想法。
7．用来连接一句祈使句和一句陈述句，这里祈使句+and相当于if…，例如：
Persevere，and you will succeed．
Make haste，and you will get there in time．
以上两句分别改为：
If you persevere，you will succeed．
If you make haste，you will get there in time．
8．用于插入语中作为一种评语，例如：
He has a somewhat swelled head，and I don't like this．
They refused to sign the agreement and that's not surprising which put us in anawkward position．

2006-2-8 14:51 jiuxian

9．表示对比，例如：
Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports．
He was so rich and lived like a beggar．
10．表示条件，例如：
Use your head，and you'll find a way．
Think it over again and you'll find a way out．
11．表示因果关系，例如：
He heard a cry for help，and he rushed ont of the house．
12．表示先后顺序，例如：
He read for an hour and went to bed
13．表示意义增补，例如：
He is Jack of all trades and master of none．
14．用and连接比较级，表示程度逐步增强，意思是“越来越”，例如：
In winter the day is getting shorter and shorter．冬季，白天变得越来越短。
15．用and重叠句子表示“又、再”，例如：
We read the book again and again．我们反复阅读这本书。
16．表示时间的一致性，例如：
She slept and dreamed last night．
17．用来加强其后面的词或词组，例如：
She has lost her pencil and that one is new．
18．有时形容词的同位语由and引出，此时译为“即，也就是”，例如：
The third and last point is how to be a good student．第三点，也就是最后一点，是如何成为一名优秀的学生。
19．表示递进，例如：
He did the work and he did it well．
20．用在句子的开头以表示连续性和惊讶的意思，例如：
And he said to John．接着他对约翰说。
And is it true？这是真的吗？
21．连接数词，译为“加”，例如：
4 and 2makes 6．4加2等于6。
22．and构成习语，例如：
Ways and means，part and parcel，heart and soul，pick and choose．
23．构成一些短语，例如：
and so（所以），and so on（等等），and then（然后，其次），and yet（然而）…

2006-2-8 14:52 jiuxian

at短语小结
介词at可用来表示目标或方向，意思是“对着……”、“向……”。这时它常常与不及物动词构成短语动词。中学课本中常见的这类短语动词有：
1．stared at盯着看
Crusoe stared at the footprint，full of fear．克鲁索盯着脚印看，满心恐惧。
2．glare at怒目注视
The father glared at the naughty boy．父亲怒视着那个淘气的男孩。
3．look at看着，望着
As he looked at it，the goat rolled over and died．正当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身就死了。
4．throw at投向，掷向
We had to throw a stone at the dog．我们只好拿石头打狗。
5．rush at冲向
The soldiers stood up and rushed at the enemy．战士们站了起来，朝敌人冲去。
6．run at奔向，袭击
We're thinking of a way to run at the gang．我们正想法去袭击那个匪帮。
7．fly at飞向，扑
The tiger flew at the hunter．老虎向猎人扑来。
8． jump at跳向，欣然接受
Don't jump at a conclusion．切勿轻断。
Everybody jumped at the offer．每一个人都欣然接受了这一提议。
9．guess at猜，以为
I can't even guess at what you mean．我猜不着（推测不出）你的意思。
10．laugh at 嘲笑
She me here not to be laughed at．她来这儿不是为了遭人嘲笑。
11．smile at向…微笑
The baby smiled at me so sweetly．这婴儿朝我微微一笑。
12．gasp at因……而屏息（喘气）
The people gasped at the cruelty of the order．人们听到这道残酷的命令倒吸了一口凉气

2006-2-8 14:52 jiuxian

13．be surprised at对……感到惊奇
We were surprised at the beautiful girl's rudeness．我们对那位漂亮姑娘的粗鲁而感到惊奇。
14．womder at因……而诧异
He wondered at the sight of her appearance again．他因看到她再次露面而觉得诧异。
15．aim at瞄准
The twins aimed carefully at the lion．那对双胞胎都仔细地瞄准了那头狮子。
16．tear at强拉
The rich man tore at her sleeve．那位富人强拉她的袖子。
17．grab at抓住不放
He grabbed at the opportunity of going abroad．他紧紧抓住出国的机会。
18．shout at对……大声叫嚷
You needn't shout at me．你不必对我叫嚷。
19．shoot at对……射击
He ordered her to shoot at the apple with one of her arrows．他命令她用一支箭射苹果。
20．thrust at用刀剑等向……猛刺
He drew his sword and thrust it at me．他拔剑向我刺来。
21．come at攻击
The bear came at him before he ran away．他还未来得及逃跑，熊就朝他扑来。
22．gaze at注视，凝视
What are you gazing at？你在注视什么？
23．glance at看一下，看一眼
Would you like to glance at the clock？请看一下几点钟了好吗？
24．work hard at努力学习
He is working hard at Russian．他在用功读俄文。
25．be good at善于
My father is best at drawing．我父亲最擅长于画画。
26．live at住在
He lives at 88，the East Street of the city．他住本城东大街88号。
27．arrive at到达
When did you arrive at the bus-stop？你何时到达汽车站的？
28．sell／buy at以（的价格）卖出（买进）
They sell their fridges at the lowest price．他们以最低价销售电冰箱。

2006-2-8 14:53 jiuxian

at用法种种
at是个很灵活的介词，在英语中出现频率相当高，现把它的用法介绍归纳如下：
一、表示地点
1．一般指小地方。如：
The party was held at her house．晚会是在她家里举行的。
2．把车站、商店、学校、机关等看作一个点时，也用at。例如：
I met him at the railway station．我在火车站碰到他。
I had a good time at the theatre．我在戏院里过很愉快。
3．在停车点或公共汽车站线等的交叉处，用at。例如：
Passengers for Wuhan change at Zhenzhou．去武汉的旅客在郑州转车。
This bus stope at Friendship Street．汽车在友谊路停。
4．门牌号数一般用at。例如：
Professor Lin，at 28 High Street．大街28号请交林教授。（此例常用在托人带的信封上）
5．船只停泊的港名、地名，用at，例如：
The steamer（ship） will touch at FuZhou．轮船将在福州停靠。
6．表示动作相联，有意识地靠近时，用at。例如：
We drank at the brook．我们就小溪饮水。
7．常用在下面一些词组中：
at the corner，at the top，at the foot，at home等。例如：
There is a policeman standing at the corner of the street．有个警察站在街的拐角处。在美国也说 on the corner或 around corner．）
There is a hut at the top of the hill．山顶上有一座小木屋。
So he threw himself at the foot of the tree．因此他就扑倒在一棵树下。
I shall be at home all afternoon．我整个下午都会在家。

2006-2-8 14:54 jiuxian

二、表示时间
1．表示时间的一点。例如：
You can come again at five o'clock．你可在五点钟再来。
2．指较短的时间。例如：
at daybreak破晓时分；at night（在）夜间；at noon在正午；at the NewYear在新年；at Christmas在圣诞节；at the beginning of the week在那周开始时；at the end of this month在这个月底（末）；at the weekend在周末
三、表示动作的方向
He drew his sword and thrust it at me．他拔出剑来，向我猛刺。
If any beast comes at you，'ll stay with you and help you．如果有什么野兽向你袭击，我一定在你旁边帮你。
It is rude to point at a person．指着人是失礼的。
Then he ordered Tell to shoot at the apple with one of his arrows．接着他命令泰尔用（他的一支）箭向苹果射击。
四、表示动作的目的
The children are always at me to take them to the zoo．孩子们老缠着我带他们到动物园去。
What's he aiming at？他的目的是什么？
五、表示距离
Stand at arm's length from the person next to you．站在你旁边那个人伸臂可及之处。
六、表示入口或出口
We are to meet at the school gate at six．我们定于六时在校门口集合。
She noticed an old pine tree ahead at the entrance to a valley．她注意到前边峡谷口有一棵老松树。
七、表示年龄
At the age of twelve，Edison began selling newspapers on a train．爱迪生12岁时开始在火车上卖报纸。
八、表示速度
All this must be done at very great speed．这一切都需要非常迅速地干完。
The car raced through the countryside at eighty miles an hour．汽车以一小时八十英里的速度驶过郊外。
九、表示价格
The book has been published at two yuan a copy．这本书已经出版，定价（每本）2元。
十、表示“在……方面”（用在形容词之后）
Edison soon became very good at the railway telegraph．爱迪生很快就学会了铁路电报学。
The boy is clever at maths．那个孩子在学数学方面很聪明。
十一、表示“从事于……”
What are you at？你在干什么？
He was at work．他在工作。
I'm going to work hard at English．我将努力学习英语。 
十二、表示原因
He was terrified at the sight．看到这个他吓坏了。
I was much surprised at（hearing）the news．听到这消息我非常惊奇。
十三、表示存在的状态
be at war在交战中be at peace和平共处
be at an end完毕
Germany is at war with France．德法两国在交战。

2006-2-8 14:55 jiuxian

“as…as”引导的比喻
英语修辞中有很多约定俗成的比喻和比拟，是由“as…as”这一结构来表达的。它通常是把一个抽象概念与一个具体事物中的某一属性相比较，以突出其相同点或相似点，从而使概念形象化，以增强语言的表现力。
下面是有关“as…as”引导的比喻。
一、以人、人名、职业等为喻体：
as grave 〔sober〕as a judge严如法官，非常严肃
as hungry as a hunter非常饥饿
as drunk as a lord 酩酊大醉
as rich as a Jew非常有钱
as wise as Solomon非常聪慧，聪明绝顶
as old as Adam 极其古老
as thick as thieves亲密无间，非常亲密
二、以动物为喻体：
as proud as peacock非常高傲，孔雀般高傲
as black as a raven像乌鸦一般黑
as bold〔brave〕as a lion* 勇猛如狮
as gentle as a lamb温顺如羊
as faithful as a dog忠诚如狗
as sly as a fox像狐狸一样狡猾，老奸巨滑
as tame as a chicken像小鸡一样驯服，非常听话
as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样繁忙
as happy〔cheerful，gay〕as a lark非常欢乐
as timid as a hare胆小如鼠
as stupid as an ass笨得像猪

2006-2-8 14:55 jiuxian

三、以植物为喻体：
as fair as a lily美如百合
as cool as a cucumber 泰然自若，极其镇静
as green as grass幼稚无知
as welcome as the rose in May很受欢迎
as like as two peas一模一样
四、以自然现象为喻体：
as white as snow洁白如雪
as cold as ice冰冷
as right as rain十分正确
as black as a thunder面带怒容，脸色阴森
as clear as day显而易见，极其明白
as black as night昏黑，漆黑
as quick as a flash快如闪电
五、以物质、事物、东西部为喻体：
as cheap as dirt贱如泥土
as thin as a lath骨瘦如柴
as clear as crystals一清二楚，清如水晶
as heavy as lead沉重如铅
as firm（steady）as a rock安如磐石，坚定不移
as dull as lead非常愚钝
as hard as iron坚如铁石，很严厉，很残酷
as hard as nether millstone铁石心肠

2006-2-8 14:56 jiuxian

call 的某些短语
在英语学习中，常见到由call构成的某些短语，现略举数例
1．call at停留，停靠（火车、轮船等）：
Does the train call at every station？这列火车每个站都停吗？
The ship called at several ports between Saigon and Shanghai．这艘轮船在西贡到上海之间停靠了几个港口。
2．call attention to 引起对……注意：
The government has called people's attention to the pollution problem．政府已经引起人们对污染问题的注意。
The lesson is there and attention must be called to it．有现成的教训，应当引起大家的注意。
3．call away叫走，叫开：
The student has been called away by his teacher．那个学生被老师叫走了。
Dr．Li was called away just now．李大夫刚才被请走了。
4．call back传唤；回（电）话：
He was called back from his holiday to attend an important meeting．他从度假中被召回参加一个重要的会议。
Please call back in an hour．请在一个小时后（给我）回个电话。
5．call down从下边召唤；责骂：
He called her down from upstairs to do some shopping．他叫她从楼上下来去买东西。
Father really called me down for doing that．父亲因为我做了那件事狠狠地责骂了我。
6．call for叫（某人）；接（某人）；要；索取；要求；需要有：
Please call for me at my house at eleven．请你11点到我家来接我。
When will you call for the reference books？你什么时候来取这些参考书？
The present situation calls for entirely new measures．目前形势要求采取全新措施。
The problme calls for careful though．这个问题需要好好想一想。
7．call forth引起；激发
His mistake called forth a good deal of criticism．他的错误引起很多批评。
This task calls forth all our energies．这样一个任务把我们的全部精力都激发出来。
8．call in来访；请来，召请；要求归还：
Call in this Saturday if you can．如果可能，本周六请