不能用关系代词 Which 的几种情况(页 1) - 英语问题区 - 英语论坛-英语麦当劳 English learners' Forum

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2006-3-8 12:11 woaixuexi

不能用关系代词 Which 的几种情况

1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which. I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.  }!L.X1B+``"jc0~V
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2.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which.  n6?"F~aw'|B
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.  kF9e1O)WG$c

3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which.
This is the best novel that I have ever read.  ,Xtc!m\}
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.   Iv^\p%]S

4.当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him. 5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
That is the very thing that we can do.  $nm&L'defq
It is the only book that he bought himself.  3o%x0jO9e7^^AGN
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6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
You can take any room that you like.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
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7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?  1G*\?"p`-I"ze

8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.   `y0J!jS_d%Z
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
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9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.  F9TH |;s-}&r4k|3U-J G
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
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10.表示" 正如... 那样 "," 正象..." 之意时, 用as, 不用which.  $s"t,A+g0yA.RG6v,{
Mary was late again, as had been expected.  c?Zd7zff

11.As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。 3K4y8I*PHZ@5l,U
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.4z_]m ipw
used to/be used to的分别
　  used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)
   be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 9i-[ }#R!I4je$d
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　  q8a8t9hzb,?QHg
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) _\/m^?]1D
used to 的用法
否定式简写为usedn't）过去经常，以前常常
We used to go there every year.  （我每年都去那儿。）
He is not what he used to be.  P%f8yb/An{
他已不是旧日的他了。
我们公司过去和他们的公司常有业务往来。
This used to be a shabby house.  （此房年久失修）Vj._6St5oSJ
used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事，有时可以换用。 Xy#d.r&U
used to do 强调整过去习惯性的行为或状态，但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此，这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。

2006-3-8 12:13 woaixuexi

主谓一致中的“邻近原则”L&zy4S+_rpj
英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。
它通常依据三项原则： 1）语法一致； 2）意义一致； 3）就近一致。 【语法一致原则】 I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g. ①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。 ②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？ Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称） II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。 1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g. ①The work is important . 这项工作重要。 ②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。 ③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。 2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g. ①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。 ②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。 II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语： 1.通常作复数用。e.g. ①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。 ②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 ③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。 2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。e.g. ①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。 ②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。 ③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。 3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g. ①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 ②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。 Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时： 1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g. ①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。 ②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。 b）"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语： "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g. ①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。 ②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。 c）"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g. ①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。 ②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。 d） "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g. ①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。 "more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g. ②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。 "more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g. ③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。 2 ，主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g. a）①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸（书）了。 ②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。 b）①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。 ②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . （大多依 kind ，作单数用） ③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . （总作复数用） 但:Apples of this kind are sweet . （总作复数用） 3. 主语后接“with…”等构成的短语修饰成分时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g. ①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。 ②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们，我也愿帮助你。 4. "one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句"： 1）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g. ①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“novels”） ②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。 2）若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。e.g. He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )

2006-3-8 12:13 woaixuexi

【意义一致原则（Notional Concord）】 I. 集合名词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分） 1. 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g. The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。 2. 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 "army , audience(听众),class ,club （俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ."等。e.g. ①Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。 ②The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。 ③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。 但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。 II. 代词作主语时：（参见“代词”部分） 1. 不定代词"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)"等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g. ①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。 ②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。 2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g. ①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？ ②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。 3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g. ①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。 ②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。 4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数： 1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g. ①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？ ②Who are League Members .哪些是团员？ 2）"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g. ①All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功。 ②All (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好。 3）"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的）"，等。e.g. ①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。 ②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。

2006-3-8 12:14 woaixuexi

Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时： 1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g. ①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。 ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. ①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。 ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词，常作复数用。e.g. ①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 ②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。 但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g. ①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 Ⅳ.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分） 1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。e.g. Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。 但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。e.g. ①Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”） ②What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何？ 2. “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g. ①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。 ②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。 这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。） Ⅴ. "the + 形容词/分词"作主语时： 1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。e.g. ①The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。 ②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。 2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。e.g. ①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。 ②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。 ③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。 Ⅵ.专用名词作主语时： 1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g. ①The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。 ②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜谭》很有趣。 2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。e.g. Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 . 狄更斯所著的《美国笔记》出版于1842年。 Ⅶ“what等引导的从句”作主语时： 1. 大多作单数用。e.g. ①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。 ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。 2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g. ①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。 ②What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。 【就近一致原则（Proximity）】 也称“邻近原则”，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。 I.在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语："or ; either …or；nor; neither…or；whether…or；not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。 2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II. 非正式文体中： 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式） Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式） 但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。

2006-3-8 12:15 woaixuexi

only的几种特殊用法
在学习英语的过程中，我们常遇到only与其它词或结构搭配来表达不同的意思，现将这些用法示例如下： 一、only引导的词组或句子放在句首作状语时，通常要用倒装结构。如 Only in this way can you solve the problem. 只有通过这种方式你才能解决问题。 Only if you study hard can you pass the exam. 只有努力学习才能通过考试。 Only then did I realize my mistake. 只有那时我才意识到错了。 二、not only...(but also)出现在句首时，如果架连接的是两个句子，常用倒装。如 Not only did we lose all our money,but we also came close to losing our lives. 我们不仅丢了钱，还差点把命丢了。 Not only did he speak correctly,but he also spoke easily. 他不仅说得准确，而且说得很轻松。 三、only放在不定式前面，常表示不愉快或出乎人们的意料的结果。如 I went all the way to his home only to find hime out at a meeting. 我径直到他家里去，不料发现他出去开会了。 I hurried to the post office only to find it closed. 我匆忙赶到邮局，不料已经关门了。 She went home only to find her house burglarized. 她回到家里，发现房子被盗了。 四、“too...to...”结构中，表示否定意思，但在“only too...to...”结构中，only too = very，表示肯定意思。如 The patient is too weak to walk. 那个病人太虚弱了，走不动。 We are only too willing to do it for you. 我们非常愿意为你做那事。 I am only too delighted to accept your king invitation. 我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。 五、在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，谓语要用复数形式。但在“the only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”的结构中，定语从句却被看作修饰“the only one”，谓语动词要用单数形式。如 This is one of the best novels that have been published in the past two years. 这是近两年出版的最好的小说之一。 He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize. 他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。 She is the only one of the girls who has been to the US. 她是那些女孩中唯一去过美国的。 六、If only 为虚拟语气的一种，表示愿望或一个未实现的条件，多用于感叹句，其主句常常省略。如 If only she would marry me! 她要是能和我结婚该多好！ If only he had known about it! 他那时要是知道这件事该多好！ If only you could have been here earlier that day! 要是你那天再早点到这就好了。 If only there were forty-eighty hours in a day. 要是一天有48个小时就好了。

2006-3-8 12:16 woaixuexi

More than的用法
●　A. “More than＋名词”表示“多于……”、“非但……尤其是”如： %e%pE-{'n ejC0|
1)　　Modern science is more than a large amount of information. e(W ews-{fKc
2)　　Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too.

●　B. “More than＋数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意，如：
3)　　 I have known David for more than 20 years.
4)　　Let's carry out the test with more than the sample copy.

●　C. “More than＋形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思，如：
5)　　In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments.
6)　　I assure you I am more than glad to help you. .}y#P;X(cHH

●　D. 在“More...than...”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的，约等于“是……而不是……”如： d8p"f\&t C*k o0y
7)　　The difference between pure linguistics and applied linguistics is more apparent than real.
8)　　This book seems to be more a manual than a text. (gN1J N&m,[^
9)　　Catherine is more diligent than intelli-gent.
10)　　Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.

●　E. “More than”或“More...than...”＋含“can”的分句时表示“否定意”，如：
11)　　That's more than I can do.
12)　　 Don't bite off more than you can chew.
13)　　In delivering his lecture, Jason makes sure not to include more things than the students can understand.

●　F. “No more...than...”表示“不……；不如……”，如：
14)　　 I can no more do that than anyone else.
15)　　A learner can no more obtain knowledge without reading than a farmer can get good harvest without ploughing.”
X"R9Z)GJk0\
　　“No more…...than...”的语义，也可用“not any more than...”来取代，因此 15 可以变成 16。

16)　　A learner cannot... any more than ...”同样的， 17可以变成 18： A.| ]2G4K@S1o
17)　　Dr Hu is no more a poet than Dr Wu is a philosopher.
18)　　 Dr Hu is not a poet any more than Dr Wu is a philosopher. U%OW8y4I \

　　此外，“more than”也在一些惯用语中出现，如： (|2\8[NN%i
19)　　More offen than not （经常），people tend to pay attention to what they can take rather than what they can give.
20)　　All of us are more than a little concerned about（非常关心）the current economic problems.
　　总之，“more than”看似简单，其实很有内涵，味道隽永。

2006-3-8 12:17 woaixuexi

用动词make表使役;q(Q0G f'}L/w
英语中，动词make的使役用法俯拾即是，而且就其宾语和宾语补语的词类和结构来说，也丰富多彩，生动活泼。归纳起来，主要有以下三种结构形式： 1．make+名词（代词）+动词不定式短语，-ed分词短语，介词短语，名词短语，形容词或形 容词短语。如： 　　 To quote from Albert Einstein， science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought． 　　 引用阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话来说，科学是试图使我们头脑中一大堆杂乱无章的感性经验，符合于逻辑上前后一致的思维体系。 须知，不定式短语在主动结构中作宾语补足语时，不带to；但在被动结构中作主语补足语时，不定式短语则必须带to。如： I was made to feel at ease． The novel，Of Mice and Men，made the name of Steinbeck known throughout America． 　　《人鼠之间》这部小说使斯坦贝克的名字在美国家喻户晓。 Filth and high prices have combined to make London and other cities depressing places to live in． 污秽和物价上涨使伦敦和其他城市成了令人压抑的地方。 We should make these materials of most value． 我们必须使这些材料变得很有价值。 It was the determination that made life worth living for so many honest people． 正是这种决心使许多正直的人生活得有意义。 2．make+形容词（短语）+名词短语这是一种倒装结构。为使句子结构保持平衡，通常将较长的名词短语移置补足语之后，不加引导词汇作形式宾语。如： The telescope made possible the observation of the far-off stars． 望远镜使人们能够观察遥远的星球。 国内出版的某些专著把能够用于这一结构中的形容词仅限于“possible”一词。其实，在现代英语中能够用于这一结构中的形容词越来越多。又如： The primary aim of every punctuation mark is to make unmistakable the meanin g of written words． 写作时应用标点符号的基本目的，是使所用词语的意义不致被误解。 Mattes says："but we will simply be making available to a wider public services that already exist．” 马狄斯说：“但是我们只是想使已经存在的服务项目能够面向更广大的公众。” 3．make+it+形容词+不定式短语（从句）不定式短语或从句作宾语时，需移置宾语补语之后，在原来宾语的位置上用引导词it作形式宾语，从而使句子保持平衡。如: In order to make it easier for people to use computers，languages for writing programs have been devised． 为使人们易于使用计算机，便设计出了编写程序的语言。 The company made it questionable whether the equipment should be employed at all． 这家公司对到底该不该使用这台设备产生了怀疑。

2006-3-8 12:18 woaixuexi

英语形容词的排列顺序
当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列?为什么不能说a black new pen，而是说成a new black pen?这里面有无规则可循? 如果你记住Opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词，就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。 Opshacom中p代表opinion，指表示人们观点的形容词，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice等； sh代表shape，指表示形状的形容词，如long，short，round, narrow等； a代表age，指表示年龄、时代的形容词，如old，new，young等； c代表colour，指表示颜色的形容词，如red,black, orange等； o代表origin，指表示国籍、地区的形容词，如British，Canadian，German等； m代表material，指表示材料的形容词，如plastic，metal，aluminium等。 英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。 请根据形容词排列规则完成以下练习： 1．She has a ___ jacket．(leather，brown，beautiful) 2．He has a ___ car. (American，long，red) 3．They live in a ___ house. (old，beautiful) 4．We have a ___ table. (antique,small，wooden) 5．He has a ___ jumper. (woollen, lovely, red) 6．She has a ___ ring. (diamond，new，fabulous) 7．It was a ___ song．(French，old, lovely) 8．He owns a ___ dog．(black，horrible，big) 9．She bought a ___ scarf．(gorgeous，silk，pink) 10．I saw a ___ film. (new，fantastic, British) 答案： OP sh a c o m opinion shape age colour origin material 
 1．beautiful brown leather jacket. 2．long red American car. 3．beautiful old house. 4．small antique wooden table. 5．lovely red woollen jumper. 6．fabulous new diamond ring. 7．lovely old French song. 8．horrible big black dog. 9．gorgeous pink silk scarf. 10.fantastic new British film.

2006-3-8 12:19 woaixuexi

怎样分辨would与used to在用法上的异同
Would与used to都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作，常常可以换用。如： （1）When we were boys we used to/would go swimming every summer. 小时候，每到夏天我们都要去游泳。 （2）He used to/would spend every penny he earned on books． 过去，他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书上。 Would与used to都不能用来表示动作发生的具体频度或具体的一段时间。例如，不能说： （3） I would/used to go to France six times． （4）He used to live in Africa for twenty years． 上两句应改成： （5）I went to France six times．我去过法国6次。 （6）He lived in Africa for twenty years. 他在非洲住过20年。 Would与used to的区别主要有以下几点： a． Used to可指过去的状态或情况，would则不能。如： （7）School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny he'd overcharged a customer．（不能用would） 过去，学校的孩子们都知道亚伯拉罕·林肯怎样步行5英里退还多收顾客1便士的故事。 （8）Yet，he cannot but remember China as it used to be．然而，他不会不记得旧日的中国（不能用would）。 b． Would表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用 would，只能用 used to。例如： （9） And from that day on， as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone. Mother would disappear into her sewing room to practice. 从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌一清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。（具有反复性） （10）I used to live in Beijing．我过去住在北京。（没有反复性） c． Used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would则表示有可能再发生。如： （11）People used to believe that the earth was flat． 过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。（现在已不再这样认为） （12）He would go to the park as soon as he was free． 过去，他一有空就去公园。（现在有可能再去） 注意：used to的否定式和疑问句: （13）过去我不喜欢歌剧。 I used not to like opera． I usedn't to like opera． I didn't use to like opera． （14）过去你喜欢歌剧吗？ used you to like opera？ Did you use to like opera？ （15）Didn't you use to like opera？你过去不喜欢歌剧吗？ （16）You used to like opera, didn't you？你过去喜欢歌剧，是吗？ （17）There used to be a church here， usedn't there？过去这里有座教堂，是不是？

2006-3-8 12:21 woaixuexi

英语主语和谓语动词在数方面的一致关系
一、主谓一致 
主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即语法形式一致，概念一致（语言内容上一致），毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。 
1. 语法形式一致 
（1）单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如： 
1) The performance was very funny. 
2) Serving the people is my great happiness. 
3) Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. "_J4Uxa e'l
4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce. xXd,g8Hct
5) Both you and I are students. 
6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. D2_.l3^/ZOvS"o?9U
注1：在what 引导的主语从句中，如果主语补语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： h8AM/PNf"A
What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion. &b0no$_'C Sp'?1s t
注2：修饰语对主语的数不起影响。例如： 
The performance of the first three clowns was very funny. 
（2）由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如： s{3gHD K
1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office. 
2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV. 
3) His sister no less than you is wrong. ?F+^x;|d+u"}n
4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 
注：有时在with结构里，加上both之后，with就具有and含义。例如： nx:N#A$x3O*zR
Grandpa Wang with his son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park.

2006-3-8 12:22 woaixuexi

(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如： 
1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。) 
2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质。) Bs]#VYI+z|
(4)在neither of与either of的结构里，一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式，但在美国的TOEFL考试内要求用单数形式。例如： H y*Ce N]K
1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. &sj7YjRzAiJ
2) Has either of them been seen recently? "{%E~i7X!K@+DW#t
(5)当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如： NlP{+S u'r
1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包。) TL1Tx~5x5j.e
2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包。) +t ~*Ufe[9r)D
（6）当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： &yKo(]t9[ r
1)One of those students has passed the examination. }v#c's8y
2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. 8mn F%R R-s0Z!O
(7)form of, type of, kind of 结构的谓语视form, type与kind的单复数而定.these/those kind/type of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： 
1) The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is. $G#A)Q$Q:u-h;n-u
2) Some new types of cars are now on show. 
3)These kind of recorders are good. ~0Nr/\7WH.sbN{
(8)由one and a half + 复数名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如： 
One and a half apples is left on the plate. 
(9) 由the majority of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如： 
1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 
2) The majority of criminals are non-violent.

2006-3-8 12:22 woaixuexi

（10）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如： D!a^;lJ)kIr
1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring. "Q3ADb,zZ0s
2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely. 
3）There is plenty of water in the pail. 
4）There are plenty of eggs in the box. 
5）There is loads of milk on the farm. 
6）There are loads of big red apples on the ground. 5cE @$H3z
注：当名词前有其他量词修饰时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词。例如： 
1）Row upon row of soldiers is marching towards us on the field. 
2）A body of volunteers has been organized to aid the helpless in their struggle for survival. 
（11）由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest 等 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。例如： 
1）None of the books satisfy the students. 
2）None of this meat is fit to eat. N*X_8TId,r
3）All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer. 
4）All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.

2006-3-8 12:23 woaixuexi

（12）由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： 
1）More than one student has passed the examination. \!s(@YH|@
2）Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 
注：如果more than后面是复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数。 z1`CP z
例如：More than two hundred students have attended the lecture. 
（13）quantity of + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of + 可数与不可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： 
1）Great quantities of milk are needed in this city. r0X$C-m~;jh
2）There is a large quantity of milk. 
（14）如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如： 
1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed. 
2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 
（15）定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如： 
1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. P Y[-s{:|T1C v9@
2）“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. 3GCx&~(UE4Z&d
注：当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如： 
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

2006-3-8 12:23 woaixuexi

2.概念一致（语言内容上一致） "w8o~'x qr-U&OX#K
（1）有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如： 
1）His family is going to move. 
2）His family are very well. \|&V%Jwy,o;{
3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park. 
注：如这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则，强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who; 强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。例如： 
1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. 
2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. Y!|"wT(vFF4\ uM
(2)有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如： 
1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common. 
2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. l;?T:u(^e C@
(3)有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： 
1）Politics is a complicated business. #eay\ A5I(t*aI
2）Here is the news. 2U6J^-@+YdH
(4)用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如： 
1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place. 
2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. LnU{`4U}\
3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. Z2I0BF k
4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools. O)mBefJ
(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如： 
1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 
2) Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. /g{kr0Y? qG`P
(6)国家、单位和书报的名称，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： %|C:x [S4d
1）War and Peace is the longest book I’ve read. 5z on_(oq7Yi }#r3x/i
2）General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。) 
（8）the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： 
1) The blind are taught trades in special schools. ,u1Tx|y#`*\'H
2) The departed was a good friend of his.

2006-3-8 12:23 woaixuexi

3.毗邻一致（就近原则） 0dA)WGK R@e@L
(1)由连词or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如： 
1) He or you have taken my pen. 
2) Either you or he is no telling the truth. /r+H5yWMJ)B U
3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 
(2)在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如： 
1)There is a desk and four benches in the office. 
2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.

2006-3-8 12:24 woaixuexi

二、指代一致 
指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。 
1.人称一致 
(1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时，须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致。例如： ;f6]HU`(l;_)kM8O
1）I recognized one of the girls, but I didn’t speak to her. c-z2n&u#N*lW
2) That woman said that she was over fifty. { axq\rh$[Oj [p
3) They asked whom they should apply to. Zc\J E H? MN
(2)当代词指代集合名词时，用单数人称代词强调整体，用复数人称代词强调个人。例如： 
1) The committee have discussed their report on the disaster. )Z)V+g&I/hq2y5d
2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval. 
(3)当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如： })?a s}8a
1) If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. $|kx8X~
2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. Vv$\9FZ FX/W1[
注：在非正式文体中，特别是在会话体里，常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别。例如： 
1) Has anybody brought their camera? CEu:ehf?1^j J)D
2) No one could blamed themselves. Ft+FL;h7}8MD
(4)由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如： 
1) Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 
2) Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? r&?C8w-a*L]
2.性、数、格一致 \:D6kgOM
(1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称。例如： )vFYn-oH%`aW{Z
1) China will always do what she has promised to do. }+c"N.J*Z h+iC*[1M
2) The boy stood at the door with his hat in his hand. /J;x$tEQY5co
(2) 当or或nor连接阳性名词或阴性名词时，代词一般和近者保持一致。例如： "\9B(W~$h^(E@D,}`7I"f[
1) Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted. 
2) If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news. [5IpT a
(3)单数名词由and连接时，相应的代词一般用复数形式。例如： Mhd2|7n`K;j!V
1) Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be. 3i4r$t6MH J?\
2) Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts. 5Q0te0|TIa
3.应注意的问题 C$l~"t"p{ x
(1)当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one’s;当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如： h0C3B(W:i;x
1) One should never blame his friends when he friends when he finds himself in trouble. 
2) One can’t be too careful, can you (one)?

2006-12-25 16:14 myts777

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